Friedrich Nietzsche - Friedrich Nietzsche - Nietzsche’s mature philosophy: Nietzsche’s writings fall into three well-defined periods. Volume 5, 2014. Wahnbriefe", Nietzsches Briefe, Ausgewählte Korrespondenz, Wahnzettel 1889, "Nietzsche's Visionary Values – Genius or Dementia? I teach you the overman. "[101] In December, Nietzsche began a correspondence with August Strindberg and thought that, short of an international breakthrough, he would attempt to buy back his older writings from the publisher and have them translated into other European languages. Since his childhood, various disruptive illnesses had plagued him, including moments of shortsightedness that left him nearly blind, migraine headaches, and violent indigestion. [221], "Eternal return" (also known as "eternal recurrence") is a hypothetical concept that posits that the universe has been recurring, and will continue to recur, for an infinite number of times across infinite time or space. Nietzsche's father died from a brain ailment in 1849; Ludwig Joseph died six months later at age two. [196] Still, Nietzsche saw his philosophy as a counter-movement to nihilism through appreciation of art: Art as the single superior counterforce against all will to negation of life, art as the anti-Christian, anti-Buddhist, anti-Nihilist par excellence. Although Nietzsche had previously announced at the end of On the Genealogy of Morality a new work with the title The Will to Power: Attempt at a Revaluation of All Values, he seems to have abandoned this idea and, instead, used some of the draft passages to compose Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist in 1888.[100]. Thomas Mann's novel Death in Venice[296] shows a use of Apollonian and Dionysian, and in Doctor Faustus Nietzsche was a central source for the character of Adrian Leverkühn. von Müller, Hans. [103][104], In the following few days, Nietzsche sent short writings—known as the Wahnzettel ("Madness Letters")—to a number of friends including Cosima Wagner and Jacob Burckhardt. [256] Hippolyte Taine influenced Nietzsche's view on Rousseau and Napoleon. 8). Additionally, he commanded the German emperor to go to Rome to be shot and summoned the European powers to take military action against Germany,[106] that the pope should be put in jail and that he, Nietzsche, created the world and was in the process of having all anti-Semites shot dead. 1988. according to the circumstances of individual perspectives. [286] Critics have suggested that the character of David Grief in A Son of the Sun was based on Nietzsche. Friedrich Nietzsche, Complete Works Vol. [122], In 1898 and 1899, Nietzsche suffered at least two strokes. Apollo represents harmony, progress, clarity, logic and the principle of individuation, whereas Dionysus represents disorder, intoxication, emotion, ecstasy and unity (hence the omission of the principle of individuation). In 1883, he tried and failed to obtain a lecturing post at the University of Leipzig. With the collapse of metaphysical and theological foundations and sanctions for traditional morality only a pervasive sense of purposelessness and meaninglessness would remain. "[149] The acquisition of the infection from a homosexual brothel was confirmed by Sigmund Freud, who cited Otto Binswanger as his source. He was also alienated by Wagner's championing of "German culture", which Nietzsche felt a contradiction in terms as well as by Wagner's celebration of his fame among the German public. The early works, The Birth of Tragedy and the four Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen (1873; Untimely Meditations), are dominated by a Romantic perspective influenced by Schopenhauer and Wagner. Nietzsche’s perspectivism has sometimes been mistakenly identified with relativism and skepticism. After the death of Nietzsche's grandmother in 1856, the family moved into their own house, now Nietzsche-Haus, a museum and Nietzsche study center. [43] Prominent elements of his philosophy include his radical critique of truth in favor of perspectivism; a genealogical critique of religion and Christian morality and related theory of master–slave morality;[36][44][i] the aesthetic affirmation of existence in response to the "death of God" and the profound crisis of nihilism;[36] the notion of Apollonian and Dionysian forces; and a characterization of the human subject as the expression of competing wills, collectively understood as the will to power. Nietzsche's thought enjoyed renewed popularity in the 1960s and his ideas have since had a profound impact on 20th and early-21st century thinkers across philosophy—especially in schools of continental philosophy such as existentialism, postmodernism and post-structuralism—as well as art, literature, psychology, politics, and popular culture.[37][38][39][49][50]. Nietzsche soon fell into a period of mental anguish, although he continued to write to Rée, stating "We shall see one another from time to time, won't we? Mussolini,[318][319] Charles de Gaulle[320] and Huey P. Newton[321] read Nietzsche. Academic records from one of the schools attended by Nietzsche noted that he excelled in Christian theology. Nietzsche stood at the beginning of his most productive period. For I am such and such a person. NIETZSCHE. [56], While at Schulpforta, Nietzsche pursued subjects that were considered unbecoming. Latest Features of H19-374 PDF Dumps: If you want to pass H19-374 exam then Partner is the best place for you. And man shall be that to overman: a laughing stock or painful embarrassment. C_TAW12_750-Deutsch Übungstest: SAP Certified Development Associate - ABAP with SAP NetWeaver 7.50 (C_TAW12_750 Deutsch Version) & C_TAW12_750-Deutsch Braindumps Prüfung, SAP C_TAW12_750-Deutsch gilt als eine der wichtigste und auch schwierige Prüfung, Wenn Sie unsere Produkte nicht wählen wollen, können Sie auch unsere C_TAW12_750-Deutsch kostenlose Demo für … In response, Rohde (then a professor in Kiel) and Wagner came to Nietzsche's defense. Writer Donald Mitchell noted that Gustav Mahler was "attracted to the poetic fire of Zarathustra, but repelled by the intellectual core of its writings." He had some following among left-wing Germans in the 1890s; in 1894–1895 German conservatives wanted to ban his work as subversive. He wants a kind of spiritual evolution of self-awareness and overcoming of traditional views on morality and justice that stem from the superstition beliefs still deeply rooted or related to the notion of God and Christianity. His descendants later settled in the Electorate of Saxony circa the year 1700. He lived his remaining years in the care of his mother until her death in 1897 and then with his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche. [iv][217] One study of Nietzsche defines his fully developed concept of the will to power as "the element from which derive both the quantitative difference of related forces and the quality that devolves into each force in this relation" revealing the will to power as "the principle of the synthesis of forces. "Nietzsche's Reading and Private Library, 1885–1889". The Interior Life of Friedrich Nietzsche", "Who knew? [322] Bertrand Russell wrote that Nietzsche had exerted great influence on philosophers and on people of literary and artistic culture, but warned that the attempt to put Nietzsche's philosophy of aristocracy into practice could only be done by an organization similar to the Fascist or the Nazi party. May, J. Rosenberg, Rorty, Richard. Crucial to the triumph of slave morality was its claim to being the only true morality. In February, they ordered a fifty-copy private edition of Nietzsche contra Wagner, but the publisher C. G. Naumann secretly printed one hundred. Friedrich Nietzsche, German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers. [150] Nigel Rodgers and Mel Thompson have argued that continuous sickness and headaches hindered Nietzsche from engaging much with women. [196] He condemned institutionalized Christianity for emphasizing a morality of pity (Mitleid), which assumes an inherent illness in society:[197], Christianity is called the religion of pity. [341] For Nietzsche, this grand striver overcomes obstacles, engages in epic struggles, pursues new goals, embraces recurrent novelty, and transcends existing structures and contexts. [308] Eugene O'Neill remarked that Zarathustra influenced him more than any other book he ever read. The main theme in The Birth of Tragedy is that the fusion of Dionysian and Apollonian Kunsttrieben ("artistic impulses") forms dramatic arts or tragedies. [June 1868] 1921. That insistence on absoluteness is as essential to philosophical as to religious ethics. Overbeck and Gast decided to withhold publishing The Antichrist and Ecce Homo because of their more radical content. [72], Nietzsche's 1870 projected doctoral thesis, "Contribution toward the Study and the Critique of the Sources of Diogenes Laertius" ("Beiträge zur Quellenkunde und Kritik des Laertius Diogenes"), examined the origins of the ideas of Diogenes Laërtius. His inaugural lecture at the university was "Homer and Classical Philology". On at least one occasion, on 23 February 1880, the usually poor Gast received 200 marks from their mutual friend, Paul Rée. 1994. [39] His body of work touched a wide range of topics, including art, philology, history, religion, tragedy, culture, and science, and drew early inspiration from figures such as philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer,[20] composer Richard Wagner,[20] and writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. [234], From Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Prologue, §§ 3–4):[235]. While in Genoa, Nietzsche's failing eyesight prompted him to explore the use of typewriters as a means of continuing to write. Nietzsche objects to Euripides' use of Socratic rationalism and morality in his tragedies, claiming that the infusion of ethics and reason robs tragedy of its foundation, namely the fragile balance of the Dionysian and Apollonian. As Heidegger put the problem, "If God as the supra sensory ground and goal of all reality is dead if the supra sensory world of the ideas has suffered the loss of its obligatory and above it its vitalizing and upbuilding power, then nothing more remains to which man can cling and by which he can orient himself. [108] During this process Overbeck and Gast contemplated what to do with Nietzsche's unpublished works. During the late 19th century Nietzsche's ideas were commonly associated with anarchist movements and appear to have had influence within them, particularly in France and the United States. Kritik an Nietzsche. ", Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche, Nietzsche's ideas were commonly associated with anarchist movements, Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Homer_and_Classical_Philology, "Shakespeare Contra Nietzsche by Andrew Lanham", "Der Philosoph Philipp Mainländer entdeckt das Nirwanaprinzip: Die Welt als Gottes Selbstmordprojekt", "Féré et Nietzsche : au sujet de la décadence", 'Madness' of Nietzsche was cancer not syphilis, Metaphors in and for the Sociology of Religion: Towards a Theory after Nietzsche, The Duality of Nietzsche's Theory of the Will to Power: The Psychological and Cosmological Aspects, "100 years after death, Nietzsche's popularity keeps growing", "Nietzsche's aesthetic critique of Darwin", "Ernst Schmeitzner (1851–1895). He spent many summers in Sils Maria near St. Moritz in Switzerland. [157], Nietzsche composed several works for voice, piano, and violin beginning in 1858 at the Schulpforta in Naumburg when he started to work on musical compositions. [174] Michel Foucault commented that his own book Madness and Civilization should be read "under the sun of the great Nietzschean inquiry". According to Heidegger, it is the burden imposed by the question of eternal recurrence—whether it could possibly be true—that is so significant in modern thought: "The way Nietzsche here patterns the first communication of the thought of the 'greatest burden' [of eternal recurrence] makes it clear that this 'thought of thoughts' is at the same time 'the most burdensome thought. Preface by Gianni Vattimo, Rowman & Littlefield, London – New York, 2016, This page was last edited on 8 January 2021, at 17:24. Nietzsche’s mature philosophy emerged after The Gay Science. Köhler argues that Nietzsche's syphilis, which is "... usually considered to be the product of his encounter with a prostitute in a brothel in Cologne or Leipzig, is equally likely. On 13 May, in Lucerne, when Nietzsche was alone with Salomé, he earnestly proposed marriage to her again, which she rejected. Nietzsche recognized this and maintained his solitude, though he often complained. It is a purely physical concept, involving no supernatural reincarnation, but the return of beings in the same bodies. [271] Many Germans eventually discovered his appeals for greater individualism and personality development in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, but responded to them divergently. These four later appeared in a collected edition under the title Untimely Meditations. She had been interested in Nietzsche as a friend, but not as a husband. To be "bad" was to be like the slaves over whom the aristocracy ruled: poor, weak, sick, pathetic—objects of pity or disgust rather than hatred. Lange's descriptions of Kant's anti-materialistic philosophy, the rise of European Materialism, Europe's increased concern with science, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, and the general rebellion against tradition and authority intrigued Nietzsche greatly. This having to transform into perfection is—art. His health improved and he spent the summer in high spirits. "[192] Nietzsche waged a philosophic war against the slave morality of Christianity in his "revaluation of all values" to bring about the victory of a new master morality that he called the "philosophy of the future" (Beyond Good and Evil is subtitled Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future).[193]. Nietzsche’s critique of traditional morality centred on the typology of “master” and “slave” morality. ", His, Eduard. Milkowski, Marcin. Hulme", "Wallace Stevens' Harmonium – Collaborative Essays and Articles – Geneseo Wiki", "Book: Ницше Фридрих Вильгельм. "Nietzsche and Jung: The whole self in the union of opposites" (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), Magnus and Higgins, "Nietzsche's works and their themes", in, O'Flaherty, James C., Sellner, Timothy F., Helm, Robert M., "Studies in Nietzsche and the Classical Tradition" (, O'Flaherty, James C., Sellner, Timothy F., Helm, Robert M., "Studies in Nietzsche and the Judaeo-Christian Tradition" (University of North Carolina Press) 1985. "[218] Of such forces Nietzsche said they could perhaps be viewed as a primitive form of the will. g |last=Arena |first=Leonardo Vittorio |title=Nietzsche in China in the XXth Century |publisher=ebook |year=2012}}. He concluded that metaphysics has reached its potential and that the ultimate fate and downfall of metaphysics was proclaimed with the statement "God is dead."[210]. The concept of such an all-inclusive perspective is as incoherent as the concept of seeing an object from every possible vantage point simultaneously. [116][117] Leonard Sax suggested the slow growth of a right-sided retro-orbital meningioma as an explanation of Nietzsche's dementia;[118] Orth and Trimble postulated frontotemporal dementia[119] while other researchers have proposed a hereditary stroke disorder called CADASIL. [66], In 1867, Nietzsche signed up for one year of voluntary service with the Prussian artillery division in Naumburg. The Russian painter Lena Hades created the oil painting cycle Also Sprach Zarathustra dedicated to the book Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Socrates emphasized reason to such a degree that he diffused the value of myth and suffering to human knowledge. Wilhelm, Bismarck, and all anti-Semites abolished. During the same year, he encountered the work of Fyodor Dostoyevsky, to whom he felt an immediate kinship. Heidegger interpreted the death of God with what he explained as the death of metaphysics. [246] Due to his Heraclitean sympathies, Nietzsche was also a vociferous critic of Parmenides, who, in contrast to Heraclitus, viewed the world as a single, unchanging Being. In this way, tragedy is born from music. ", The initial form of morality was set by a warrior aristocracy and other ruling castes of ancient civilizations. Mencken produced the first book on Nietzsche in English in 1907, The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, and in 1910 a book of translated paragraphs from Nietzsche, increasing knowledge of his philosophy in the United States. "[314], Nietzsche's growing prominence suffered a severe setback when his works became closely associated with Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany. At the core of his theory is a rejection of atomism—the idea that matter is composed of stable, indivisible units (atoms). He was especially interested, therefore, in a probing analysis and evaluation of the fundamental cultural values of Western philosophy, religion, and morality, which he characterized as expressions of the ascetic ideal. In his polemic Philology of the Future, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff damped the book's reception and increased its notoriety. It was used to overcome the slave's sense of inferiority before their (better-off) masters. In 1866, he read Friedrich Albert Lange's History of Materialism. Nietzsche admired both greatly and during his time at Basel frequently visited Wagner's house in Tribschen in Lucerne. Nietzsche wrote of the affair in 1883, that he now felt "genuine hatred for my sister".[92]. Overbeck was dismissed and Gast finally co-operated. Hecker, Hellmuth. NIETZSCHE is a chestnut gelding. [287] Nietzsche's influence on Muhammad Iqbal is most evidenced in Asrar-i-Khudi (The Secrets of the Self). The "good man" of master morality is precisely the "evil man" of slave morality, while the "bad man" is recast as the "good man". [143] Max Oehler, Nietzsche's cousin and curator of the Nietzsche Archive at Weimar, argued that all of Nietzsche's ancestors bore German names, including the wives' families. [147] One theory blames Salomé's view on sexuality as one of the reasons for her alienation from Nietzsche. In Also Sprach Zarathustra, Nietzsche proclaimed that a table of values hangs above every great person. The name derives from the forename Nikolaus, abbreviated to Nick; assimilated with the Slavic Nitz; it first became Nitsche and then Nietzsche. [61] In addition, Ludwig Feuerbach's The Essence of Christianity influenced young Nietzsche with its argument that people created God, and not the other way around. By 1882, Nietzsche was taking huge doses of opium, but he was still having trouble sleeping. Nietzsche subsequently concentrated on studying philology under Professor Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl, whom he followed to the University of Leipzig in 1865. He wished to hasten its coming only so that he could also hasten its ultimate departure. They intended to set up their commune in an abandoned monastery, but no suitable location was found. Jahrhunderts. [187] A favorite motto of Nietzsche, taken from Pindar, reads: "Become what you are. Whitlock, G. 1996. [88] Rée accepted the idea and suggested that they be joined by his friend Nietzsche. [211][212] As such, according to Nietzsche, the drive for conservation appears as the major motivator of human or animal behavior only in exceptions, as the general condition of life is not one of a 'struggle for existence. The owner of NIETZSCHE is D Gilbert, M Lawrence, A Bruce, G Wills and his current trainer is Brian Ellison. "[124], Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche compiled The Will to Power from Nietzsche's unpublished notebooks and published it posthumously. [186], In Beyond Good and Evil and On the Genealogy of Morality, Nietzsche's genealogical account of the development of modern moral systems occupies a central place. [58] Perhaps under Ortlepp's influence, he and a student named Richter returned to school drunk and encountered a teacher, resulting in Nietzsche's demotion from first in his class and the end of his status as a prefect.[59]. [175] Painter Mark Rothko was influenced by Nietzsche's view of tragedy presented in The Birth of Tragedy. He associated slave morality with the Jewish and Christian traditions, as it is born out of the ressentiment of slaves. However, he was deeply disappointed by the Bayreuth Festival of 1876, where the banality of the shows and baseness of the public repelled him. This leads to his conclusion that European culture, from the time of Socrates, had always been only Apollonian, thus decadent and unhealthy. [317] The Nazis made selective use of Nietzsche's philosophy. It may also be asked whether perspectivism can be asserted consistently without self-contradiction, since perspectivism must presumably be true in an absolute, that is a nonperspectival sense. The two met Nietzsche in Rome in April 1882, and Nietzsche is believed to have instantly fallen in love with Salomé, as Rée had done. In constructing a world where objective knowledge is possible, Christianity is an antidote to a primal form of nihilism—the despair of meaninglessness. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [March 1887] 1921. In 1870, he gave Cosima Wagner the manuscript of "The Genesis of the Tragic Idea" as a birthday gift. [1987] 1988. In 1887, Nietzsche wrote the polemic On the Genealogy of Morality. "[239], Friedrich Nietzsche held a pessimistic view of modern society and culture. Nietzsche often identified life itself with the “will to power,” that is, with an instinct for growth and durability. On his 44th birthday, after completing Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist, he decided to write the autobiography Ecce Homo. Utilitarians claim that what moves people is the desire to be happy and accumulate pleasure in their lives. [41], According to The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "He is famous for uncompromising criticisms of traditional European morality and religion, as well as of conventional philosophical ideas and social and political pieties associated with modernity. It shaped their philosophical and cultural endeavors, as well as their political understanding. "If my life were to recur, then it could recur only in identical fashion." You have made your way from worm to man, and much in you is still worm. Nietzsche is adamant that the works of Aeschylus and Sophocles represent the apex of artistic creation, the true realization of tragedy; it is with Euripides, that tragedy begins its Untergang (literally 'going under' or 'downward-way;' meaning decline, deterioration, downfall, death, etc.). ", sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche1888d (, Verrecchia, Anacleto. [173] Carl Jung has written extensively on the dichotomy in Psychological Types. Through her published editions, Nietzsche's work became associated with fascism and Nazism;[48] 20th-century scholars contested this interpretation of his work and corrected editions of his writings were soon made available. In a 29 March 1887 letter to Theodor Fritsch, Nietzsche mocked anti-Semites, Fritsch, Eugen Dühring, Wagner, Ebrard, Wahrmund, and the leading advocate of pan-Germanism, Paul de Lagarde, who would become, along with Wagner and Houston Chamberlain, the main official influences of Nazism. Nietzsche remarked freely about the isolation he felt within the philological community and attempted unsuccessfully to transfer to a position in philosophy at Basel. At least toward the end of his life, Nietzsche believed his ancestors were Polish. [52] At Schulpforta, Nietzsche received an important grounding in languages—Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and French—so as to be able to read important primary sources;[55] he also experienced for the first time being away from his family life in a small-town conservative environment. [176][177][178] Nietzsche rejected the idea of objective reality, arguing that knowledge is contingent and conditional, relative to various fluid perspectives or interests. "Nietzsche's Breakdown in Turin." Auden who wrote of Nietzsche in his New Year Letter (released in 1941 in The Double Man): "O masterly debunker of our liberal fallacies ... all your life you stormed, like your English forerunner Blake. "[96] He then printed Beyond Good and Evil at his own expense. "[284] Famous writers and poets influenced by Nietzsche include André Gide, August Strindberg, Robinson Jeffers, Pío Baroja, D.H. Lawrence, Edith Södergran and Yukio Mishima. Nietzsche died in 1900. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Leipzig University in March 1869, again with Ritschl's support. In 1885, he printed only 40 copies of the fourth part of Zarathustra and distributed a fraction of them among close friends, including Helene von Druskowitz. In his short time in the military, he experienced much and witnessed the traumatic effects of battle. "[206], One such reaction to the loss of meaning is what Nietzsche called passive nihilism, which he recognized in the pessimistic philosophy of Schopenhauer. [115] Nietzsche had previously written, "All superior men who were irresistibly drawn to throw off the yoke of any kind of morality and to frame new laws had, if they were not actually mad, no alternative but to make themselves or pretend to be mad." [113], Nietzsche's mental illness was originally diagnosed as tertiary syphilis, in accordance with a prevailing medical paradigm of the time. The doctrine of eternal recurrence, the basic conception of Thus Spoke Zarathustra, asks the question “How well disposed would a person have to become to himself and to life to crave nothing more fervently than the infinite repetition, without alteration, of each and every moment?” Presumably most people would, or should, find such a thought shattering because they should always find it possible to prefer the eternal repetition of their lives in an edited version rather than to crave nothing more fervently than the eternal recurrence of each of its horrors. Nietzsche's concept "God is dead" applies to the doctrines of Christendom, though not to all other faiths: he claimed that Buddhism is a successful religion that he complimented for fostering critical thought. eHumanista/IVITRA. "[139] At one point, Nietzsche becomes even more adamant about his Polish identity. "[144] Colli and Montinari, the editors of Nietzsche's assembled letters, gloss Nietzsche's claims as a "mistaken belief" and "without foundation. The middle period, from Human, All-Too-Human up to The Gay Science, reflects the tradition of French aphorists. ", The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Kasper Niesiecki, Herbarz Polski, wyd. [155][156] However, there are also those who stress that, if Nietzsche preferred men—with this preference constituting his psycho-sexual make-up—but could not admit his desires to himself, it meant he acted in conflict with his philosophy.
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